Epidemiology of Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one’s death. When we come across news of suicidal acts, a frequent question that pops up is, “Why would one end their life?” While this is a difficult question to answer expressly, many factors, such as depression, chronic illness, and neurological disorders, can increase the risk of suicide. Suicide is also observed in other forms of injury and violence. For example, people who have experienced violence, including child abuse, bullying, or sexual violence, have a higher suicide risk. Globally, suicide is a serious public health problem with self-harm and suicidal ideation affecting about 14.6 million people yearly, with a record of 700,000 successful attempts annually. From a chronological point of view, the CDC revealed that suicide rates increased by approximately 36% between 2000–2022. In 2022 alone, suicide was responsible for over 49,000 deaths, which is about one death every 11 minutes (CDC, 2023).

Suicide in Nigeria

In Nigeria, suicide is an increasingly pressing public health issue, with rising rates that reflect a growing crisis. While the problem affects various demographics, men are disproportionately represented among those who take their own lives. Although Africa has the world’s highest suicide rates, this continent, including Nigeria, has limited gender-specific research that could guide policy on suicide attempt prevention.
In a society where traditional gender roles and expectations place immense pressure on men to be providers, protectors, and emotionally stoic, many struggle in silence with mental health challenges. The stigma associated with mental illness and seeking help further exacerbates the problem, leading to a disturbing increase in suicide rates among Nigerian men. Therefore, this article highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions and greater awareness to address the underlying causes and discuss strategies for encouraging men to seek help.

Factors Contributing to Higher Suicide Rates Among Men

1. Economic pressure: Unemployment, poverty, and economic responsibilities contribute to mental distress in men. Losing employment can lead to financial instability, a loss of identity, and a diminished sense of purpose, all of which can contribute to hopelessness and despair. The stress and anxiety associated with unemployment can exacerbate existing mental health issues, thereby increasing the risk of suicidal behaviour among men (Nkporbu et al., 2023).
2. Cultural and Societal Expectations: In Nigeria, cultural norms often dictate that men should not show vulnerability or seek help for emotional distress. For example, it is generally acceptable in the Yoruba culture to die by suicide, following the saying of Iku ya ju esin – death is more honourable than shame – which caused many precolonial Yorubas to die by suicide. Moreover, the Yoruba catchphrase of ‘se bi okunrin,’ which means “behave like a man”, which dignifies suicide by associating it with machismo, is widespread evidence of suicide’s acceptability. This stigma around mental health can prevent men from accessing the support they need, leading to untreated mental health issues that may culminate in suicide (Atiloba et al.,2015).
3. Relationship Issues: Marital conflicts have been identified as a common precipitating factor, indicating that relationship issues can have a profound impact on men’s mental health and well-being. Men in Nigeria may experience isolation due to relationship breakdowns. This isolation can lead to feelings of loneliness and despair, which are risk factors for suicide (Nkporbu et al 2023).
4. Depression: Depression can lead to pervasive feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and hopelessness, which can overwhelm an individual’s ability to cope with life’s challenges. The presence of depression can significantly impair judgment and increase the likelihood of suicidal ideation and attempts. Individuals suffering from depression may experience intense emotional pain and a sense of entrapment, leading them to view suicide as a means of escape. The chronic nature of depression can also erode an individual’s resilience and ability to seek help, further increasing the risk of suicide. (Quarshie et al., 2020).

Strategies to encourage men to seek help

Addressing the issue of suicide among men in Nigeria requires targeted strategies to encourage help-seeking behaviour. Below are some strategies that could be effective if adopted.

1. Promote Mental Health Awareness: Nationwide campaigns to raise awareness about mental health issues, mainly targeting men.
2. Culturally Sensitive counselling services: Develop and promote mental health services that are culturally sensitive and accessible to men. Offering services in our local languages and through trusted community leaders can also improve accessibility.
3. Peer Support Programs: Establishing peer support groups where men can share their experiences and struggles in a safe, non-judgmental environment. Men are often more likely to open up to peers who understand their experiences, which can be a crucial step toward seeking professional help. These groups can be created in settings such as religious gatherings or streets.
4. Anonymous and Confidential Support Services: Develop and promote confidential helplines, online counselling services, and other anonymous support options. Men uncomfortable with face-to-face interactions may be more willing to seek help if they can do so anonymously.
5. Engage Men in Community Activities: Encourage men to participate in community activities that promote mental well-being, such as sports, social clubs, or faith-based organisations. These activities can provide a support network and reduce feelings of isolation, making men more likely to seek help when needed.

Conclusion

The suicide problem in Nigeria, particularly the rising rates among men, underscores a critical mental health crisis that demands urgent attention. Traditional gender roles, economic pressures, and the pervasive stigma surrounding mental health issues contribute significantly to this growing tragedy. As societal expectations place immense burdens on men, many struggle silently, often with devastating consequences. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach; we at LagosMinD cannot do it alone with all hands on deck towards providing better care; we can create an environment where everyone feels comfortable enough to seek help.